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Description
SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ADVANCES IN THE USE OF HISTORICAL MARINE CLIMATE DATA WHAT: Sixty participants - marine data users and managers of marine data and products - from eight countries met to set priorities for the future development of marine climate data and products WHEN: 17–20 October 2005 WHERE: Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
Description
Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979 and Kahneman and Tversky, 1984) suggests that when people are presented with objective probabilities they (a) underweight high probabilities (e.g., behave as if 99% likelihood of an event is lower than 99%), (b) overweight low probabilities, and (c) are relatively insensitive to differences among moderate probabilities. We hypothesized that these biases will be found under prevention focus ( Higgins, 1997), which can be triggered by security needs, and monetary considerations; but reversed under promotion focus ( Higgins, 1997), which can be triggered by self-actualization needs. To test the hypothesis, we developed a cross-modality matching task that allows tapping probability transformations independently from the value of an event. In two studies, participants (N=116 and N=156) drew portions of circles that represented their transformations of 13 different stated probabilities regarding three scenarios (either promotion or prevention). Results in the prevention condition were consistent with prospect theory—providing validity for the cross-modality matching method. Results in the promotion condition indicated both a general elevation (overweighting), which was most evident for moderate and moderate-high probabilities, and minor underweighting for probabilities larger than .80. In the second study, we also assessed chronic-regulatory focus which yielded effects similar to the manipulated-regulatory focus. In both studies, some individuals in the promotion focus groups yielded probability weighting functions with a curvature opposite the predictions of prospect theory; and within each experimental condition there were additional significant differences in the transformation yielded by the putatively similar three scenarios. The results indicate that our cross-modality matching method is very sensitive to context effects and hint at the possibility of applying similar cross-modality matching methods to explore other decision-making processes such as value functions (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) less
Prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979 and Kahneman and Tversky, 1984) suggests that when people are presented with objective probabilities they (a) underweight high probabilities (e.g., behave as if 99% likelihood of an event is lower than 99%), (b) overweight low probabilities, and (c) are relatively insensitive to differences among moderate probabilities. We hypothesized that these biases will be found under prevention focus ( Higgins, 1997), which can be triggered by security needs, and ... more
RM Therapeutics. Pharmacology
; RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
; BF Psychology
Description
Many older people refuse to participate in programs of strength and balance training (SBT), limiting their effectiveness for falls prevention. To persuade older people to take up SBT, we need to know whether their intention to undertake SBT is motivated by the perceived threat of falling or the perceived suitability and benefits of SBT. A survey of 558 people aged 60 to 95 years assessed intention to undertake SBT, as well as measures of threat appraisal (concern about falling, perceived risk, and consequences of falling) and coping appraisal (perceived benefits and appropriateness for them of undertaking SBT). Intention to undertake SBT was much more closely related to all elements of coping appraisal than to threat appraisal. The elements of coping appraisal included the belief that it has multiple benefits and is associated with a positive social identity, and the feeling that family, friends, and doctors would approve of taking part. less
Many older people refuse to participate in programs of strength and balance training (SBT), limiting their effectiveness for falls prevention. To persuade older people to take up SBT, we need to know whether their intention to undertake SBT is motivated by the perceived threat of falling or the perceived suitability and benefits of SBT. A survey of 558 people aged 60 to 95 years assessed intention to undertake SBT, as well as measures of threat appraisal (concern about falling, perceived risk, a ... more
Description
The present study was conducted to assess the optimum treatment for nausea and vomiting in patients with far advanced cancer. More specifically, we studied patients with cancers that were too far advanced to benefit from chemotherapy or radiotherapy and whose nausea and vomiting were not due to drug intake, cranial, electrolytic, or metabolic causes. One hundred twenty patients who were under antiemetic medication with metoclopramide (MET) and suddenly presented with uncontrolled nausea and vomiting were randomized to three different therapeutic regimens: MET plus dexamethasone (DEX), MET plus tropisetron (TRO), and MET plus TRO plus DEX. Patient diary cards were used to assess nausea and vomiting. By the end of day 15, total control of vomiting was achieved in 24% of MET plus DEX patients, in 84% of MET plus TRO patients, and in 92% of MET plus TRO plus DEX patients. Total control of nausea was achieved in 18% of MET plus DEX patients, in 74% of MET plus TRO patients, and in 87% of MET plus TRO plus DEX patients. All antiemetic treatments were similarly well tolerated. TRO in combination with either MET or MET and DEX produced the best control of both nausea and vomiting. less
The present study was conducted to assess the optimum treatment for nausea and vomiting in patients with far advanced cancer. More specifically, we studied patients with cancers that were too far advanced to benefit from chemotherapy or radiotherapy and whose nausea and vomiting were not due to drug intake, cranial, electrolytic, or metabolic causes. One hundred twenty patients who were under antiemetic medication with metoclopramide (MET) and suddenly presented with uncontrolled nausea and vomi ... more